On what there is

By Willard van Orman Quine

[Published in Review of Metaphysics (1948). Reprinted in From a Logical Point of View (1953).]

A curious thing about the ontological problem is its simplicity. It can be put in three Anglo-Saxon monosyllables: ‘What is there?’ It can be answered, moreover, in a word—‘Everything’—and everyone will accept this answer as true. However, this is merely to say that there is what there is. There remains room for disagreement over cases; and so the issue has stayed alive down the centuries.

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The Arteries of Industrialization

pipelines_map_legend(1) Russia and former Soviet states (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazahstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan):

russia_ukraine_belarus_baltic_republics_pipelines_map(2) Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bahrain and Lebanon):

middle_east_pipelines_map(3) Balkan area – Southeast Europe (includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, FYR Macedonia and Turkey):

balkan_area_southeast_europe_pipelines_map(4) South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Pakistan):

south_asia_pipelines_map(5) East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea):

east_asia_pipelines_map(6) Africa:

africa_pipelines_map

Ethics since 1900

Mary Warnock (1977)

Mary sequentially covers (1) G.E. Moore’s anti-naturalism; (2) Prichard & Ross’ ‘Intuitionism’; (3) Ayer’s logical positivist approach (‘Emotivism’); and (4) later development by Stevenson and Nowell-Smith, including the latter’s Janus Principle; (5) moral psychology in general; and finishes with (6) a wonderful overview of Sartre’s Existentialism.  An unmissable overview to Ethics before its entanglement with Political Philosophy.  Newcomers will want to familiarize themselves with Utilitarianism first.